Kεντρική
σελίδα 
Οδηγός
Σπουδών Β΄Λυκείου Αγγλικά |
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Kεντρική
σελίδα Οδηγός
Σπουδών Β΄Λυκείου Αγγλικά |
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 Αγγλικά |
ΩΡΕΣ ΔΙΔΑΣΚΑΛΙΑΣ (την εβδομάδα): 2.
Σε κάθε σχολείο διδάσκεται μια από τις παρακάτω γλώσσες, ως πρώτη Ξένη Γλώσσα:
Αν και η Αγγλική είναι στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις η πρώτη Ξένη Γλώσσα, υπάρχουν περιπτώσεις όπου στη θέση της πρώτης Ξένης Γλώσσας διδάσκονται Γαλλικά ή Γερμανικά. Αγγλικά Α. Γενικός Σκοπός: Σκοπός της διδασκαλίας της Αγγλικής στο λύκειο είναι να μπορέσει ο μαθητής να καταλαβαίνει και να παράγει αυθεντικό προφορικό και γραπτό λόγο έτσι ώστε να καλύψει τις βασικές επαγγελματικές και προσωπικές του ανάγκες στον ευρύτερο κοινωνικό χώρο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η διδασκαλία στο λύκειο στοχεύσει στην εμπέδωση των γνώσεων χρήσης (use) της γλώσσας, που έχουν ήδη αποκτηθεί στο γυμνάσιο, αλλά και στην εκμάθηση νέων πιο σύνθετων λεκτικών πράξεων (speech act). Οι ουσιαστικές διαφορές της διδασκαλίας στο λύκειο από τη διδασκαλία στο γυμνάσιο είναι ότι ο μαθητής του λυκείου πρέπει:
1. Να προετοιμαστεί για την κατανόηση και παραγωγή συνεχούς συνεκτικού λόγου (cohesive discourse at a macro- rather than at a micro - level). 2. Να μπορεί να καταλαβαίνει και να αποδίδει διάφορες αποχρώσεις διάθεσης, τόνου, ύφους, ανάλογα με τις συγκεκριμένες γλωσσικές περιστάσεις και κοινωνικές καταστάσεις.
Β. Ειδικοί Στόχοι:
Ο μαθητής του λυκείου πρέπει να ασκηθεί ώστε σταδιακά να μπορεί να καταλαβαίνει:
Ο μαθητής πρέπει να ασκηθεί επίσης ώστε να μπορεί σταδιακά να παράγει:
ΔΙΔΑΚΤΕΑ ΥΛΗ :
Ανταλλαγή πληροφοριών
Τρόποι χρήσης της γλώσσας (language functions)
Γλωσσικές δομές (Language forms)
Ενδεικτικά παραδείγματα (Examples)
1. Να προσδιορίζει πρόσωπα και αντικείμενα
Demonstratives + one(s) / object personal pronouns The + (adj) one + adjunct phrasel / telative clause It’s me / yoy / him / her / us / them / NP Pronoun / NP + to be + NP “this one” “the red one with the feather” “It’s me in this photo.” “The ladies over there are my new neighbours.”
2. Να ζητά και να δίνει πληροφορίες σχετικά με την προέλευση και τα χαρακτηριστικά προσώπων και αντικειμένων.
Be / come from …, have got, make, etc. With + NP, from Simple Present Names of countries, nationalities, etc Qualitative adjectives “Where do you come from?” “She is Austrian.” “He is from Spain” “… the young girl with the plaits …” “He’s got blue eyes.” “It is made in Hong Kong.” What make is it?” “It’s Japanese make.”. etc.
3. Να δίνει πληροφορίες για τον εαυτό του, όπως ιδιότητα, εκπαίδευση, ταλέντα, χόμπυ, περιγραφή προσωπικότητας, τρόπο ζωής, συνήθειες και εμπειρίες αλλά και να ζητά παρόμοιες πληροφορίες για άλλα πρόσωπα.
To be, have got Simple Present Simple Past Simple Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous + for / since Adverbs of frequency Possessive adjectives Personal pronouns Question words Adverbs of manner Qualitative adjectives, etc “My first / family name is …” “I live (am resident) in …” “I worked hard, when I was young.” “I have lived here since 1980.” “I have been exercising daily for the last two months.” “She usually wakes up late.” “How long have you been windsurfing?” “She’s good at (talented in) playing chess.” “He’s well-mannered but very shy.” etc.
4. Να ζητά και να δίνει πληροφορίες επαγγελματικής φύσης, όπως τυπικά προσόντα, επαγγελματική εμπειρία, περιγραφή εργασιακών σχέσεων και επαγγελματικών καθηκόντων, κ.τ.λ.
to be, to have got, to deal (with), to locate (in), etc. possessive adjectives personal pronouns Simple Present Simple Past Simple Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Question words relative clauses adverbs of manner adverbs of frequency qualitative adjectives and noun phrases (“experienced / specialised / fluent in …”, “have a background in …”, “good at …”, “responsible for …”, “in charge of …”, etc. prepositions of place adverbs of place too + adj. / adj. + enough “I am experienced / specialised in computer programming.” “He is fluent in English.” “They have a background in personnel training.” “He’s good at organising seminars.” “They deal with personnel issues.” “She is responsible for our marketing policy.” “Who is in charge of the Sales department?” “He is too (not enough) qualified for this post” “He is the person that reports directly to the Director.” “The factory is located in the industrial zone.” “She has been working as an executive secretary for the last five years.” “I was employed by Mr Smith two years ago.”, etc.
5. Να κάνει προσδιοριστικές ερωτήσεις και να απαντά ανάλογα.
who, which one / ones whose what / where / when (exactly) …? “what kind / sort of …?” how, etc. ‘I “Who’s in charge here?” ‘George is.” ‘I “Which (one / ones) do you prefer?” “The blue ones.” ‘I “Whose car is this?’ It’s Pam’s.” ‘I “What are you reading?” “A fashion magazine.” ‘I Where have you put the envelopes?” “In the filing cabinet.” ‘I “When (exactly) did he phone?” “Just a few minutes after you left.” ‘I “How can I switch on your CD player?” “Press the green pushbutton on your left.”, etc.
6. Να δίνει πληροφορίες σχετικά με την ποσότητα ατόμων, αντικειμένων, υλικών κ.τ.λ.
Quantitative adjectives Too / enough Comparative and Superlative degrees of adjectives / adverbs Dimensions (nouns and adjectives) How much / many (a) lot(s) of, plenty of some, any, no, a few / little Countable / Uncountable Nouns a big / small quantity of … a cup /pint of … a (great) number of …, etc “It’s too long.” “There isn’t enough bread.” “How much milk have we got?” “How many people have been invited?” We’ve got (a) lot (s) of refreshments.” “There’s some ice in the fridge.” “To make this ice cream, you will need half a pint of juice.” “There are only a few left.”, etc.
7. Να περιγράφει ομοιότητες και διαφορές προσώπων, αντικειμένων και καταστάσεων
same as … different from … look like, alike …difference between … similar / similarly / similarities … identical both … and …, etc. “It’s the same as yours.” “This place is much different from my home town.” “There are some differences (similarities) between the two species.” “As identical twins, they look alike.” “Both Mary and Jill work as secretaries.” “This cloud looks like a bird.” “They both reacted similarly (in a similar way)”, etc.
8. Να αξιολογεί τις ιδιότητες και τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά προσώπων, αντικειμένων, υλικών, χώρων, μηχανισμών, καταστάσεων κ.τ.λ.
Quantitative / Quantitative Adjectives adj. + noun NP with / without + NP too / enough Comparative and Superlative degrees of adjectives / adverbs as … as / not so …as … … compared to … rather + adj. , etc. “He’s too old for this Job.” “She’s as (not so) tall as you.” “She’s a pretty dark - haired teenager with grey eyes” “Compared to the old model this one is less practical.” It’s rather expensive, I’m afraid.” Etc.
9. Να περιγράφει τα διάφορα στάδια μιας διαδικασίας, όπως την παραγωγή, επεξεργασία, συσκευασία και εμπορία ενός προϊόντος, τη συναρμολόγηση ή συντήρηση ενός μηχανισμού ή μιας συσκευής ευρείας χρήσης, τη γενική περιγραφή ενός συστήματος (π.χ. ανακύκλωση, σύστημα τηλεπικοινωνιών, κ.τ.λ.)
Simple Present Simple Present Passive, Modal Passive, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Passive Participles as Clause substitutes before / after, the first / second / next / last step is …, as a next / further step … to undergo both / all / only, apart from, furthermore, in addition to … to convert / change into …, etc. “… waste paper is sorted and converted (changed) into pupl …” “Having undergone quality control, the product is packed and kept in storehouses.” “As a first step, each vessel is cleaned, before use.”, etc.
10. Να διορθώνει εσφαλμένες ή ανακριβείς πληροφορίες.
No / Yes + tag negative statement + corrected positive statement positive statement with fall - rise on auxiliary verb I don’t think so. + corrected statement + actually “No, he doesn’t. “No, he didn’t come yesterday. He passed by this morning.” “Yes, you have.” “He did say so.” “I don’t think so. He arrived yesterday, actually.”, etc.
11. Να ζητά επαλήθευση πληροφοριών αλλά και να επαληθεύει ή να διαψεύδει πληροφορίες.
interrogative sentences (with low rising intonation), positive or negative Please, can you tell me whether … Tag questions repeating statement with high rise Yes + positive tag / No + negative tag Of course Perhaps / I’m not sure I don’t know I don’t remember “Did you see him?” Didn’t you see him?” “Please, tell me whether you saw him.” “You saw him, didn’t you?” “You didn’t see him, did you?” “You sow him?” “Yes, I did.” “No, I didn’t.” “Of course (I did).”, etc.
12. Να αναμεταδίδει πληροφορίες που ακούει ή διαβάζει.
Reported Speech (simultaneous and delayed report / reported statements, questions, instructions, orders, etc.) Reporting verbs “He says that he’s a musician.” “He asked me not to leave.” “He warned me to be careful.” “He wanted to know whether you had passed by.” “It is believed that he has left abroad.” etc.
Έκφραση απόψεων, ιδεών, επιθυμιών και συναισθημάτων
Τρόποι χρήσης της γλώσσας
(Language functions) Γλωσσικές εκφορές
(Language exponents) Παραδείγματα (Examples)
1. Να κάνει υποθέσεις που αφορούν στο παρελθόν, στο παρόν και στο μέλλον.
1st Conditional 2nd Conditional 3rd Conditional unless, in case that “I’ll go for a walk, unless it rains.” “If we wouldn’t go to her party tonight, she would get angry.” “If I hadn’t told her the truth, she would have been offended.” “I won’t go out tonight, in case he phones
2. Να εκφράζει τους όρους ή τις προϋποθέσεις για μια ενέργεια, γεγονός ή κατάσταση.
Conditionals (1st, 2nd and 3rd type provided that, on contition that,on the term that, as long as “You can borrow my walkman, as long as you take good care of it.” “Candidates will be asked for an interview, provided that they have references.”, etc.
3. Να κάνει προβλέψεις.
Simple Future / going to may, might 1st Conditional “It might rain, if it doesn’t clear up.”
4. Να συνάγει και να διατυπώνει συμπεράσματα βασιζόμενος σε δεδομένα.
“my conclusion is …” as a conclusion so to conclude that … “From his behaviour I concluded that he was lying.”
5. Να κάνει υποθέσεις, να προβλέπει και να συνάγει συμπεράσματα βασιζόμενος σε ενδείξεις.
Conditionals: (if clause + modal + infinitive) modals (may / might / could / must / can’t) + Present infinitive / Past Infinitive thus, “we concluded that …” Future Continuous Future Passive “It is estimated / expected that …” Future Perfect “there is (no) evidence …” “it is obvious that …”, obviously ‘I [prediction:]. If he doesn’t answer the phone, he may be coming.” “It is expected that in a few years most schools will be using multimedia technologies.” “It is estimated that this project will have been completed by the end of this month.”, ‘I [conclusion:] “He isn’t answering the phone. He must be coming here.” “It can’t be true.” “There’s no evidence of malfunction.” “It is obvious that she’s very upset.” Etc.
6. Να εκφράζει πιθανότητα ή βαθμούς βεβαιότητας.
possibility / uncertainty perhaps, maybe possibly, It is possible, it is likely 1st Conditional (if + present … modal) I’m (not / quite) certain / sure” “I think / suppose / understand”, “I don’t know if …” modals (may / might / can / could) + present / past infinitive, etc. “I’m not sure about it. It may be true.” “It is possible that he has lost his way.” “It is likely to happen.” “I suppose he’s left.” “He might have called earlier.”, etc. strong possibility (most) probable / probably, in all probabilities, very likely must + present / past infinitive” impossibility impossible / impossibly can’t + present / past infinitive certainty “Sure / Certainly!/ Of cource!/ No doubt!” certain / absolutely certain, definitely “I’m (quite / absolutely) certain / sute” “In all probabilities, he’s somewhere in Africa.” “He must have arrived by now.”, etc. It’s impossible to contact him now. He’s on board to New York.” “I’m absolutely certain that you will be employed.”
7. Να εκφράζει συμφωνία ή διαφωνία με έντονο, άμεσο ή έμμεσο, επίσημο ή ανεπίσημο τρόπο.
asking “Do you agree?” “What do you think ?” etc. agreement “So, do I / I don’t either / Neither do I” “That’s right / correct” “I believe / think so” “I agree (with / on) …” of course / certainly Yes + short answer, etc. strong agreement “Indeed” “Exactly!” “I couldn’t agree more.” “By all means.” “Absolutely!” “Definitely!”, etc. reluctant agreement “I suppose so.” ` “If you say so.”,etc. agreement with reservations “I think … actually (though) …” “You maybe tight, but …” disagreement “I believe not” “I agree / do not agree / disagree” of course / certainly (not) Yes / No + short answer strong disagreement “I strongly disagree (with / that) …” “No way.” “Absolutely.” “I can’t accept the fact that …”, “Nonsense!” “Come on!” weak disagreement “I’m afraid that …” of course / certainly (not
8. Να υπενθυμίζει σε κάποιον κάτι και να θυμάται κάτι.
“Remember / (Don’t forget) to …” “I remember that …” “It reminds me of …” “I remember that he gave it back.” “Don’t forget to call him back.” “This reminds me of my childhood.”, etc.
9. Να εκφράζει αναγκαιότητα ή μη.
asking necessary / necessarily must / need + NP + inf expressing necessity “It is essential to …” “is required” “It is necessary” need, must “… is needed” need + gerund denying necessity It is not necessary I need / don’t need / need not must it is important … is needed it meeds + gerund “Must you leave so soon?” “Do you need to know this?” “Is that necessary (necessarily so?” “Working experience is an essential job qualification.” “It is essential to follow the rules.” “These documents are required to get the loan.” “It needs polishing.”, etc. “You needn’t (don’t need to) hutty.”, etc.
10. Να εκφράζει ηθική ή τυπική υποχρέωση.
asking (WH) DO + NP + have to + inf. (WH) must + NP +have to + inf. expressing obligation NP + have to / must / should (not) + inf. compulsory obligation, obligatory denying obligation NP + (don’t) have to + inf. NP + (don’t) have to / must (not) + inf. moral obligation NP + be (not) supposed to + inf. NP + should (n’t) / ought (not) to + inf. It is (not) right / wrong to + inf. NP / gerund is (not) right / wrong to + inf. “what do I have to do?” “Must I do this?”, etc. “This course is compulsory” “You have to be present.” “We must be on time.”, etc. “You don’t have to bring your passport.”, etc. “You are not supposed to do that.” “You should (ought to) pay her a visit.” “Gossiping is wrong.”, etc.
11. Να περιγράφει ικανότητες δεξιότητες ή αδυναμίες.
can / can’t / cannot, could / couldn’t (un)able to, (in)ability (in)capable to qualified, qualifications “I can ski.” “I can’t tell you about it.” “He is unable to speak.” “He is a qualified technician.” “She’s a capable secretary.”
12. Να εκφράζει τις αρέσκειες, τις απαρέσκειες και τις επιθυμίες του και να ρωτά για τις επιθυμίες των άλλων.
wishes / wants / desires want wish to, wish + past “I’d like to …” dream of desire “I’d like a cup of hot coffee.” “Would you like a drink?” “We wish to buy a new printer.” “I wish I had a sports car.” “He dasires to build a successful career.” “I’m dreaming of a long holiday.”, etc. likes like / enjoylove / dislike / + NP / gerund good ? nice / pleasan favourite, etc. dislikes bad / unpleasant / horrible / awful “It’s disgusting!” “I can’t stand / bear …” “Ugh!” I don’t like / enjoy / love + NP + gerund Dislike / hate / detest / + NP / gerund, etc. “Do you like jogging?” “Who’s your favoutite rock star?” “She likes horror films.” “I hate hypocricy.” “They love foot ball.” “I don’t like cycling.” “I can’t stand waiting for so long.” Etc.
13. Να εκφράζει προτίμηση για κάτι και να ρωτά για τις προτιμήσεις των άλλων.
asking for preference “Which do you prefer?” “Would you rather …”, etc. expressing preference “I (would) prefer …” “I have a (strong) preference for …” “I’d rather (not) …” “I’d like …” “I’m fond of … “I adore …” “I’m all fir it!” “I need …” “I’m looking for …” “I feel more like …”, etc. no preference “You choose!” “It’s up to you.” “I don’t mind.” ,etc. “I’d prefer to do it myself.” “Any preferences?”, etc. “I’d rather stay in.” “I’m fond of ice creams,” “I’d rather not go out.” “I feel more like going to bed.”
14. Να εκφράζει τις προθέσεις του και να ρωτά για τις προθέσεις των άλλων.
“I am going to …” “I am planning to …” “I intend /mean / have decided to …” “it is (among) my intention(s) to …” I’m thinking of …” Future Continuous “Are you going to call him?” “She’s planning to buy a new house.” “I do not intend to invite him.” “I’m thinking of passing by” “It is not among my intentions to quit.” “Will you be taking this course?”, etc.
15. Να κατηγορεί και να επιρρίπτει ευθύνες αλλά και να παραδέχεται τις ευθύνες, τα λάθη ή τις παραλήψεις του.
blame / put the blame on …, … responsible for “I accuse …” “It’s my(your) mistake / fault”, etc. “I blame myself.” “There is no one to blame.” “You are to blame for this mess.” “They are responsible for the accident.”. etc.
16. Να κάνει κριτική και αυτοκριτική.
wish had done should / should’n have done 3rd Condicional “I wish I hadn’t left.” “He would have got the job, if he had provided some references.” “You shouldn’t have said that!”
17. Να επαινεί.
“Good!” “Excellent!” “Perfect!” “Well done!” “Congratulations on …” “Congratulations on your promotion!”
18. Να επιδοκιμάζει και να αποδοκιμάζει.
(dis)approve of … “I express my (dis)approval …” “Excellent!” “Good!” “Not bad!” / “Too bad!” “Well done!” “I express my disapproval of your policy.” We approve of your innovative ideas.” , etc.
19. Να εκφράζει παράπονα ή διαμαρτυρίες.
“I (strongly) protest against …” “yoy should have … but …” “I complain …” “I have some complaints to make …” “I have a complaint to make the dress bought yesterday.” “You should have come at six sharp, but you didn’t show up!” “We strongly protest against your environmental policy.”, etc.
20. Να απολογείται και να εκφράζει τη λύπη του για κάτι προφορικά ή γραπτά, επίσημα ή ανεπίσημα καθώς και να δέχεται απολογίες τρίτων.
“Sorry!”, “I’m (so / awfully / tettibly) sorry!” “Please, forgive me!” “Will you excuse me?” “How silly / stupid of me!” “I (do) apologise for ..” “Please accept my apologies” regret that … / gerund “I shouldn’t have …” 3rd Condicional, etc. “I apologise for not replying in due time.” “Please, accept our apologies for the delayed dispatch of good.” “I’m sorry!. I shouldn’t have behaved like that!” “He regretted having sold his house.”, etc.
21. Να εκφράζει αμφιβολία και δυσπιστία.
“I have my doubts.” “Not, really!” “She’s not the person to who you can entrust …” “I doubt this (if …)” “I do not trust him.” Etc.
22. Να ζητά να πληροφορηθεί τα συναισθήματα των άλλων.
“How do you feel (about) / (are you feeling?”
23. Να εκφράζει συναισθήματα με διάφορους τρόπους (με ένταση ή μη, άμεσα ή έμμεσα, κ.τ.λ.), όπως:
α) ικανοποίηση ή μη dis)satisfied(with) that’s good / wonderful / bad (news)!”, etc. “I’m satisfied with your progrees.” “We’re dissatisfied with him.”, etc.
β) ευχαρίστηση be pleased / delighted “that’s good / wonderful / bad (news)!” “How wonderful!”, etc.
γ) δυσαρέσκεια ή ενόχληση “I (don’t) like this!” “Oh dear!” “This is (not) what I had in mind!” “I’m fed up with …” “Now, stop that! Will you?” to drive someone mad, etc. “This noise is driving me mad.”
δ) χαρά be / feel happy / glad “I’m so happy!” I’m so glad to hear that!”, etc.
ε) λύπη be / feel unhappy / sad / sorry / depressed / upset, etc. “That’s (what) a pity!” “What a pity he won’t come again!” “I feel miserable!”, etc.
στ) έκπληξη surprised (at / with) startled “What a (nice) surprise!” “Really?””Oh dear!” “Fancy that!”, etc. “He had sush a startled expression!” “I’m surprised with you!” “What a nice surprise to see you again!”, etc.
ζ) φόβο feel / be afraid(of) / frightened / terrified / horrified / panicked scary / frightening / terrifying / horrifying, etc. “I’m scared to death.” “You scare me!”, “I’m afraid of insects.”, etc.
η) ανησυχία to be / feel worried (about) worrying “What’s (the matter) up?”, etc. “This is a worrying situation.” “I’m worried about Julie’s health.” “What’s the matter?” “What is worrying you?”, etc.
θ) ελπίδα “I hope let’s hope that … I hope, not.”,etc. “Let’s hope he won’t forget to pay the bill.”, etc.
ι) απογοήτευση be disappointed (with) to my disappointement “I’m very disappointed with Mary.”
ια) ενδιαφέρον interest be interested (in) “How interesting!” “Fascinating!” “Really!”, etc. “He’s very much interested in new technologies.”
ιβ) ενθουσιασμό be enthusiastic (about) “I am enthusiastic about her managerial skills.”, etc.
ιγ) ανία ή αδιαφορία be bored / boring)!” “I’m fed up with …” “So what?” “Well?” “Just as I expected!” “I don’t care!” “I’m fed up with all these.” “I’m so bored!” “What a boring lecture!”, etc.
ιδ) ευγνωμοσύνη be grateful to + NP / for + gerund “Thank you very much” “many thanks to …” “it is very kind(nice) of you”, etc. “Thank you very much” “I’m so grateful for your help.” “It was very kind of you to support me.”, etc.
ιε) θυμό to be (get) angry with anger angrily be furious “The new legislation has angered people.” “I was furious and asked them to go out.” “I get angry with her when she stares at me like that.” etc.
ιστ) συμπάθεια, οίκτο ή συγκατάβαση That’s (what) a pity!” “What a shame” “I sympathize with you.” “Poor boy!”, etc. “Poor little thing! It’s frightened!” “I sympathize with you, my dear. I know what you’ve been through!”
ιζ) ανακούφιση “Whew!” “Thank goodness!” “What (that’s) a relief!” “Well, that’s (that was) that!”
Έκφραση επιθυμιών, αποφάσεων ή αιτημάτων για ανάληψη δράσης
Τρόποι χρήσης της γλώσσας (Language functions) Γλωσσικές εκφορές (Language exponents) Παραδείγματα (Examples)
1. Να προσφέρεται ή να αρνείται να κάνει κάτι και να αποδέχεται ή να απορρίπτει την προσφορά τρίτων
offering to do “May I help you? / How can I help you?” “Would you like me to …?” “Shall I …?” “I am willing …” “Let me …” denying to do “I’m afraid, I can’t.” “Unfortunately, I can’t.” “I don’t think I really ought to …” “I don’t want to put you to any trouble.” accepting offer “That would be very nice of you.” “(Yes) please.” “I’d appreciate it.” “Would (could) you?” declining offer “I’m afraid, I can’t.” “No, thank you.” “Thanks, I can manage.” “Don’t bother.” “It’s very kind of you, but …” “I’d rather / I’d better do it myself.”, etc. “Shall I open the window for you? “Let me carry it for you.” “I don’t really think I ought to let you do this for me.” “It’s very kind of you, but I’d better fetch it myself.”
2. Να ζητά από κάποιον κάτι ή να υποβάλει ένα επίσημο αίτημα.
Please + imperative “Could / would you, please …” “I’d like to …” “I’d like you to …” “Can I ask you to do me a favour?” would you mind + gerund “I would appreciate …” etc. formal “Would you be so kind as to …” “I would be grateful, if you could …” “you are kindly requested …” etc. “Would you mind buying me a ticket?” “We would be grateful, if you could send us some leaflets.” “You are kindly requested to answer in due time.”, etc.
3. Να περιγράφει παροχή υπηρεσιών από τρίτους.
Causative Form “I had my car repaired last week.”
4. Να συμβουλεύει, να υποδεικνύει και να προτείνει κάτι αλλά και να ζητά συμβουλές ή υποδείξεις
asking for advice “Have you got any ideas / suggestions?” “Would you advise me to …? “What (do you think) I should do?” “Could gou advise me …?” giving advise imperatives “you can / could …” “my advise is …” “If you take my advise, you will …” “I think you should …” “Why don’t you …? “you must …” “you ought to …” “If I were you, I’d …” suggesting Let’s …” “Shall we …?” what / how about + gerund “We could / might …” “I suggest that …” “If I were you, I’d call him.” “It is advisable to drink a glass of water before you take the medicine.” “What about going for a walk?” “I suggest that you read this book.” “How about trying this one?”, etc.
5. Να αποδέχεται ή να απορρίπτει μια πρόταση.
“With pleasure.” “That would be nice.” “I’m afraid, I can’t (won’t).” “I can’t see myself doing …” “I can’t see myself climbing that tock.”
6. Να εκφράζει απαίτηση.
I demand to …” “there is a demand for …” “It is required …” “I insist on …” “I insist on having the report typed “today. “I guarantee that …” “I can assure you that …”
7. Να δίνει και να δέχεται οδηγίες και εντολές. Imperatives Simple Present, Simple Present passive
you can … by + gerund Check to see if …” “zero” Conditional must / should Modal Passive, etc “Hurry up.” “Don’t touch this.” “Check to see if the aerial is connected to the mains.” “If he doesn’t answer, call him later.” “This report must be faxed as soon possible.” “You should fit the nozzle by screwing it.” Etc.
8. Να ζητά την άδεια για να κάνει κάτι, να δίνει άδεια για να γίνει κάτι.
asking for permission “Can / could / may / might I …?” “Do you think I can / could / might …?” :Is it all tight if …?” “Do you mind if …?’ granting permission “Please, do!” “Yes, of course.” “Certainly.” “By all means.” “That’s (quite) all tight (by me).” “If you like (must).” “I suppose so.”, etc. refusing permission: No (+ negative tag), not + adverbial, “Sorry.”, “I’m afraid not.” May I sit here?” “Do you mind if I borrow you pen?”, etc. “Sorry. Not here.” “No, you can’t.”
9. Να απαγορεύει κάτι.
you must’n (can’t + inf, “You are not alloweb to …” “Don’t + inf. strong Don’t you dare + inf. formal “I forbit you to …” “It is prohibited” “Don’t step on the grass.” “You are not allowed to take photos.” “Don’t you dare to go out!”, etc.
10. Να ενθαρρύνει κάποιον.
“Come on!” “Now then + imperative” “Keep it up!” “Keep on + gerund “Keep on trying!”
Κοινωνική συμπεριφορά Χρήσεις της γλώσσας (Language functions)
Γλωσσικές εκφορές (Language exponents) Παραδείγματα (Examples)
1. Να κάνει συστάσεις, να αυτοπαρουσιάζεται και να παρουσιάζει κάποιον άλλο σε τρίτους.
“I’m …” “This is …” “Nice / pleased to meet you.” “Meet my …” “I’d like you to meet …” “How do you do” “Hi!”, “Hello!” formally “Let me introduce you to …” “May I introduce …” “Hi! I’m John Byrnes.” “John! This is my sister Nelly.” “May I introduce myself?”, etc.
2. Να απευθύνεται σε κάποιον, π.χ. οικείο, γνωστό ή άγνωστο πρόσωπο.
friend or relative Hello + first name acqaintance family name stranger (formally) formal title, “Sir / madam!” close relationships My dear / darling / love stranger (informally) no address form “John!”, “Hello, Mary!” “Hello Mrs Jones! “Sir / madam!” “Yes, sir / madam?” “Good morning, Mr (Professor / Doctor) Smith …”, “Dear / love / darling / sweetheart / honey” “Excuse me …”, “Hello” , “Sir / madam!” “Ladies and gentlemen …”, etc
3. Να χαιρετά και να απαντά σε χαιρετισμούς.
greeting strangers & acquaintances “Good morning / evening” “Hello!, “How are you?, greeting friends “Hi!, “Hello!””How are you?” “How are you keeping / doing / getting on?” answering to greetings “Hi!” “I’m fine, thanks”, “Fine, thanks” “Well, so and so” “Much better, thank you.” “It’s been nice meeting you “See you / be seeing you (+temporal adverbial)”, etc.
4. Να αποχαιρετά.
“Good buy”, “So long”, “See you (later)”, “Look after yourself”, “(Do) keep in touch”, “Keep well”, “All the best”, “Farewell”, “Have a safe / nice trip”, etc.
5. Να υποδέχεται.
“Welcome”, “(Do) cone in, (please)”
6. Να εκφράζει ευχαριστίες, γραπτά ή προφορικά, επίσημα ή ανεπίσημα και να απαντά σε ευχαριστίες.
informally “Thank you (very / so much”, “Thanks (a lot) “you are welcome” “Not at all!”, etc.”(I’d like to express) my (very) special thanks to …” “We are grateful …”, etc.
7. Να απευθύνει ευχές.
“Happy bithtday / New Year / Valentine / anniversary” “Merry Cristmas” “I hoppe you enjoy …” “Best wishes”
8. Να απευθύνει, να αποδέχεται ή να αρνείται, γραπτά ή προφορικά, μια επίσημη ή ανεπίσημη πρόσκληση.
α) Να προσκαλεί: inviting informally “Will you be coming …?” “Will you come to …?” “I’d like to invite you to …” How about + gerund “Would you come / join me to …?”, inviting formally “May I invite you …? “We have the pleasure in inviting you …” “How about joining me to the party?” “We have the pleasure in inviting you in our 6th anniversary …” “Will you be coming to my birthday party?”
β) Να αποδέχεται πρόσκληση: “I’ d love to.” “I’d be delighted to …” “With (great) pleasure.”, etc. I’d be delighted to join you”
γ) Να αρνείται πρόσκληση “I’ m afraid, I can’t …” “I’m afraid, I’ll be unable to … because of / due to …”, etc. I’m afraid, I cant come because I have to study.”, etc.
9. Να κάνει και να δέχεται φιλοφρονήσεις.
“What a nice / wonderful dress!” “You look (so) good / fine/ nice / pretty / wonderful!” “Very kind of you!”, etc. “You look great!”
10. Να απευθύνεται στους καλεσμένους και να κάνει μια πρόποση κατά τη διάρκεια ενός γεύματος.
“Please, help yourself!”, “Cheers”, “You (very) good health”, “Here’s to …”, “Here’s to you!”
11. Να συγχαίρει.
“(Many) congratulations”, “Brilliant!”, “Well-past participle”, “Well done!”
Στρατηγικές επικοινωνίας και παραγωγής συνεκτικού και συνεχούς λόγου
1. Να παραθέτει με σειρά προτεραιότητας, πληροφορίες, ιδέες, απόψεις, επιχειρήματα κ.τ.λ.
“First … second …” “In the first place … in the second place …” “for one thing … gor another …”, etc.
2. Να εκφράζει τις απόψεις του και να ζητά να πληροφορηθεί τις απόψεις των άλλων.
“I think / feel / believe that …” “What do you think / believe about …?” “What’s your opinion …?” “In my opinion …” “It seems to me that …” “ … as far as I can see …” “ … as I see it …”, etc.
3. Να ανακεφαλαιώνει.
“To sum up …” “ … in brief …” “ to cut a long story short …”, etc.
4. Να ζητά και να δίνει εξηγήσεις και διευκρινίσεις.
“Can you explain this?” “Can you give an example?” , “I’ll give you an example”, , “For example / instance …” “What do you mean by …?” “Let me explain …” “What I mean is …” “Could you be more specific? “I’ll make it clear.” “Is it clear, now?” “In other words …” “I’ll put it this way …”, etc.
5. Να ελέγχει και να επιβεβαιώνει την ορθότητα των πληροφοριών. Tag question
“that’s right / correct.”, etc.
6. Να εξηγεί κάτι παραφράζοντας.
“a / some kind of …”, “something like …”, etc.
7. Να χρησιμοποιεί εκφράσεις δισταγμού, όταν προσπαθεί να θυμηθεί τη σημασία μιας λέξης.
“… what’s-it’s-name …”, “what-do-you-call-it …” “now let me think …” “What’s the word for it ….” “how shall I put it …”, etc.
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